FAQ
1. What is the importance of IIAM Arbitration Rules?
The IIAM Arbitration Rules are a set of procedural rules covering all aspects of the institutional arbitration process, which the parties may agree to in part or in whole in order to help resolve their domestic or international disputes. The IIAM Arbitration Rules adopts the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 2010, which enables the IIAM Rules to administer arbitration at accepted global standards. IIAM provides administrative assistance to the arbitral tribunal and parties by making available facilities, through the appointment of arbitrators, by getting involved in resolving procedural issues, acting as the registry and by providing a reasonable fixed schedule of fees, thereby ensuring smooth progress of the arbitral process in an efficient and time bound manner. IIAM Rules also provide for methods for expedited and innovative procedures like, Emergency Arbitrator, Arb-Med-Arb Procedure, fast-track procedure, Consolidation of proceedings and Concurrent hearings, Scrutiny of award etc., which would ensure fast, economic and efficient disputes resolution process. IIAM’s roles and functions are identified in Part-I of the Rules. The IIAM Arbitration Rules incorporates the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules which are comprehensive, time-tested and internationally accepted. The details of institutions globally which has adopted UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 2010 is available at the UNCITRAL Website. For updated information of the Status of UNCITRAL conventions and model laws, see the Secretariat Note dated 17 May 2016 published by the UNCITRAL (At page 26, IIAM Rules are mentioned) 2. Where can I find the model arbitration clause under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
Parties who wish to have arbitration under the IIAM Arbitration Rules may incorporate the IIAM model clause in their agreement. The model clause can be found under Schedule-8 of the Rules or in the official IIAM website. 3. What do I do if I do not have a model arbitration clause in my agreement?
If both parties are agreeable that the dispute can be resolved according to the IIAM Arbitration Rules, but there is no arbitration clause in their original agreement; then they may enter into an arbitration agreement in the form as specified in Schedule-9 of the Rules. 4. Why do the IIAM Arbitration Rules have Part I and Part II? Which part is applicable to the arbitration?
The IIAM Arbitration Rules has two Parts. Part-I consist of two sections, Section-1 deals with Domestic Arbitration and Section-2 deals with International Arbitration. Part-II specifies the UNCITRAL Rules. Modifications to the UNCITRAL Rules however appear under Part I of the Rules. Thus, for IIAM Institutional Arbitration, Part II of the Rules shall be read subject to Part I of the Rules. 5. What type of disputes can be resolved by arbitration under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
Any civil, commercial, contractual or business disputes can generally be resolved through arbitration. As per general practice, matters involving moral questions or questions of public law cannot be resolved by arbitration. For instance, the following matters cannot be referred to arbitration:♦ Matrimonial matters, like divorce or maintenance;
♦ Insolvency matters, like declaring a person as an insolvent;
♦ Criminal offences;
♦ Dissolution or winding up of a company.
6. How do I begin a matter under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
It is very simple. A party initiating a domestic dispute shall be required to submit the Request for Arbitration (Form A1), available in Schedule-11, to IIAM together with a copy of the Notice of Arbitration served on the Respondent in the manner required under Rule 2 of Part-I, along with the Registration fees. IIAM is the APCAM Centre for India and international arbitration are conducted as per the APCAM Arbitration Rules. This is done as per Rule 1(h). APCAM Arbitration Rules can be seen at https://apcam.asia/arbitration-rules. 7. How much will it cost to arbitrate under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
IIAM Arbitration is very cost-effective, especially considering the time-bound manner in which the dispute is resolved and the effective administrative services offered for ensuring smooth the progression of the proceedings. The costs and expenses of arbitration will be governed by the IIAM Arbitration Fee Schedule. The current fee schedule of IIAM, mentioned in Schedule-10, shall be notified by IIAM from time to time or published in its official web site. Appendix-1, provide the fee schedule for domestic arbitration (for Claims more than INR 5 lakhs), Appendix-2 for small cause domestic arbitration (for Claims less than INR 5 lakhs), Appendix-3 for international arbitration, and Appendix-4 for miscellaneous charges. For international Arbitration refer the APCAM Arbitration Fee Schedule. 8. How are arbitrators appointed under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
The arbitrator appointment under the IIAM Rules, assure that the arbitral tribunal is formed at the earliest, and confirms that the arbitral tribunal is neutral and efficient on international standards. In an unlikely case of any doubts, the parties are able to challenge the arbitrator and effective provisions are made in the Rules to address such challenge. 9. Are arbitration proceedings confidential in nature?
Yes. Arbitration under the IIAM Arbitration Rules is private and confidential. As per Rule 23, the arbitral tribunal, the parties and the IIAM shall keep confidential all matters relating to the arbitral proceedings. Article 28 of the IIAM Arbitration Rules specifies that hearings shall be held in camera unless the parties agree otherwise. 10. Are parties restricted to appointing arbitrators from IIAM Panel of Arbitrators when arbitrating under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
No. There are no restrictions imposed and parties are free to appoint arbitrators of their choice. The parties and the arbitral tribunal can also agree upon a different arbitrator fee other than under the IIAM Fee Schedule as under Rule 21(c). 11. How long does the entire arbitration proceedings take?
A regular arbitration under the IIAM Rules would be completed within 9 months from the date of appointment of the arbitral tribunal. The award would be rendered within 45 days. Under the fast-track procedure, the entire arbitration gets over within 6 months. 12. What is Expedited Arbitration and how does a party opt for it?
Expedited arbitration is a streamlined and simplified procedure with a shortened time frame, which makes it possible for the parties to reach a final resolution of the dispute in a cost and time effective manner. Expedited arbitration will be by default online and document only process. For expedited arbitration by IIAM, there should be an expedited arbitration clause in the contract. 13. How does a party apply for an Emergency Arbitrator?
The provision for the appointment of emergency arbitrators is found under Schedule-2. Rule 10 and Schedule-2 allows the party in need of emergency interim relief to make such application along with EA Submission (Form A3) and the said application can be made concurrently with or after the filing of the Request for Arbitration, but not after the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. 14. What are the powers of the Emergency Arbitrator?
The emergency arbitrator shall act to determine all applications for emergency interim relief until the constitution of the proper arbitral tribunal. Emergency interim relief order or award granted by an emergency arbitrator shall have a binding effect on the parties (Refer Schedule-2). 15. How can a party invoke AMA Procedure?
The AMA or the Arb-Med-Arb Procedure under the IIAM Rules, is an effective way by which the party can invoke arbitration and simultaneously try to resolve the dispute through mediation and if successful, make the outcome as an arbitral award or in case of failure of mediation, continue with arbitration. The Party can initiate AMA Procedure by filing the EA Submission (Form A3) along with an application for the said purpose. The AMA procedure helps to save time and also helps to make mediation settlement binding, especially in international disputes, as the mediation settlement would become enforceable under the New York Convention. 16. What is the advantage of scrutiny of award?
This is a unique feature of the IIAM Arbitration Rules, which affords an opportunity for the parties to get a second opinion about the legality of the process so as to make sure that the award does not suffer any irregularity making it vulnerable to a challenge. This is especially useful, when the arbitral tribunal consists of technical arbitrators, who may not be experts in the field of law. This is not an appeal provision and the Scrutiny Board will not have any authority to interfere with the arbitral tribunal’s decision-making liberty. 17. What is mediation? How it is different from litigation or arbitration and what is the advantage?
Mediation is a settlement effort, which utilizes the services of an impartial, third party mediator in an effort to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Mediation provides an efficient, effective, speedy, convenient and less expensive process to resolve disputes with dignity, mutuality, respect and civility where parties participate in arriving at a negotiated settlement rather than being confronted with a third-party adjudication of their disputes. In mediation, ultimately the resolution is made by the parties and no decision is imposed on them. But in courts and other systems, the decision is taken by the Judge or Arbitrator and the decision is imposed on the parties, whether they like it or not. In mediation, since the decision is taken by both the parties, it is a “Win-Win” situation for both and they would happily comply with the decision rather than wasting time on appeals against an imposed decision. It helps to maintain ongoing relationships and resolve the dispute amicably. The very fact that it enables the parties to sit across the table and negotiate, participating in the process itself creates an atmosphere of harmony and peace. 18. What type of disputes can be resolved through mediation?
All types of civil and commercial disputes can be resolved through mediation, except certain special legislations like winding up of a company. Under the Mediation Act, 2023, the First Schedule stipulates matters that are not fit for mediation. These include disputes, which by virtue of any law cannot be mediated, disputes relating to claims against minors, deities; persons with intellectual disabilities, mental illness or unsound mind and suits for declaration of title against Government or declarations having effect of right in rem. Disputes involving prosecution for criminal offences, complaints or proceedings, initiated before any statutory authority in relation to discipline or misconduct of any professional which is regulated under any law also cannot be mediated. Disputes which have the effect on rights of a third party who are not a party to the mediation proceedings also cannot be mediated. 19. Is mediation a compromise and if I initiate mediation, will it not be considered as my weakness?
There is a general misconception that in mediation you have to compromise. Mediation is another dispute resolution process, just like any other one. The major difference being, it is an interest-based process, where the resolution is arrived at by the parties on a collaborative method to maximize mutual gain. Therefore, globally mediation is also referred as “Appropriate Dispute Resolution” (ADR). It is the only process which focuses on needs and relationships and seeks not only to resolve the underlying problem, but also to add value. Here, in fact dispute is considered as an opportunity. Internationally, opting for mediation is also considered as an expression of best governance and social commitment. Many MNC’s have signed the “Pledge to Mediate”, expressing their commitment to resolve dispute amicably to their potential business partners and clients. 20. Can I initiate mediation in a matter pending before a court?
Mediation can be initiated at any stage. It can be initiated at the beginning of a dispute or when the matter is before a court. It would always be better to initiate mediation at the beginning, as the parties would be less hostile. In fact, even the Supreme Court of India has said in a decision that mediation is the best form of dispute resolution and it should be taken at the earliest opportunity to stop the negative factor from growing and widening its fangs which may not be conducive to any of the litigants. The courts also encourage the parties to resolve their disputes through mediation. If a party initiates mediation and the other side does not attend, it will create an adverse impression against the party who refused to participate in mediation. 21. Is mediation legally approved in India?
Mediation is India is governed by the Mediation Act, 2023. Prior to that private mediations were generally governed by the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996. It is also recognised under the Civil Procedure Code and courts refer matters pending before it to for mediation. Mediated settlement agreements are final and binding on the parties as per the Mediation Act and it can be enforced in the same manner as a judgment of a court. 22. What are the legal provisions based on which the outcome of mediation is made legal and binding?
A mediated settlement agreement resulting from a mediation signed by the parties and authenticated by the mediator shall be final and binding on the parties and persons claiming under them respectively. This is provided under section 27 of the Mediation Act, 2023. As per section 27(2) of the Act, the mediated settlement agreement shall be enforced in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, in the same manner as if it were a judgment or decree passed by a court. 23. How can we be sure that the conversation in mediation is confidential and it will not be taken as evidence in other proceedings?
The entire mediation proceedings are confidential and whatever said during mediation is treated as confidential. This protection is provided by the consent to mediate executed by the parties, as well as the Mediation Act. As per section 22 of the Mediation Act, the mediator, mediation service provider, the parties and participants in the mediation shall keep confidential acknowledgements, opinions, suggestions, promises, proposals, apologies and matters regarding admissions made during the mediation and acceptance of, or willingness to, accept proposals made or exchanged in the mediation and documents prepared solely for the conduct of mediation and any other mediation communication. It is also stipulated that no audio or video recording of the mediation proceedings shall be made or maintained by the parties or the participants including the mediator and mediation service provider, whether conducted in person or online to ensure confidentiality of the conduct of mediation proceedings. It is also prohibited for any party to rely on or introduce as evidence any information or communication in mediation process before a court or tribunal including arbitral tribunal. Section 23 of the Act also provides protection whereby no mediator or participant in the mediation and persons involved in the administration of the mediation, shall be permitted, or compelled to disclose to any court or tribunal any communication in mediation, expect certain circumstances relating to matters of imminent threat to public health or safety. 24. What is the importance of IIAM Mediation Rules?
The IIAM Mediation Rules are a set of procedural rules covering all aspects of the institutional mediation process, which helps the parties and mediators to take maximum advantage of the flexible procedures available in mediation for the resolution of disputes quickly and economically. IIAM Mediation Rules also contains provisions for assisted deal-making or deal-mediation and also for project mediation. The Rules also contain provisions for online or offline mediation through “Peacegate”, the digital platform of IIAM. The IIAM Mediation Rules also contains the IIAM Mediators’ Code of Professional Conduct and IIAM Mediators’ Conduct Assessment Process, adopted based on the Code prescribed by the Asia Pacific Centre for Arbitration & Mediation (APCAM). 25. Can we initiate mediation for the resolution of a dispute with a foreign party?
Yes. Mediation is a process internationally accepted and most of the MNC’s have started using mediation as the first option for dispute resolution. IIAM conducts international mediation under the APCAM Rules, which is an organisation formed by more than 10 international centres and having centres in many parts of the world, helping the parties to conduct international mediation under one rule and one fee-schedule. IIAM being the APCAM Centre in India also maintain a panel of international mediators in all these countries. The importance of private mediation in international business dispute resolution has become even more pertinent after the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2019 (Singapore Convention), w.e.f 07 August 2019, in which India is a signatory, among other 54 countries. Now settlement agreements arrived at by way of mediation becomes enforceable like an arbitral award in all these 55 countries as per the Convention. But the Convention does not apply to court-annexed mediations, making the importance of private mediations in cross-border business disputes highly recommended. In an international dispute, a settlement agreement can also be made through the AMA Procedure, whereby the settlement can be made as an arbitral award on consent and it becomes executable as per the New York convention in 162 countries. 26. How much will it cost to mediate under the IIAM Mediation Rules?
IIAM Mediation is very cost-effective, especially considering the time-bound manner in which the dispute is resolved. The costs and expenses of mediation will be governed by the IIAM Mediation Fee Schedule. The current fee schedule of IIAM, mentioned in Schedule-4, shall be notified by IIAM from time to time or published in its official web site. There is separate fee schedule for Domestic Commercial Mediation, Domestic Family Mediation and Community Mediation. IIAM Community Mediation Service (CMS) is for disputes which are purely relationship based. International or cross-border mediations are conducted by IIAM under the APCAM Rules, which will help the parties to conduct mediation in any of the Asia-Pacific country members of APCAM under a single Rule and Fee schedule in all these countries. 27. How long does the entire proceedings take?
Even though as per the IIAM Mediation Rules, the mediator shall use his best endeavours to conclude the mediation within 60 days of his appointment, normally a commercial mediation gets over within 4 to 8 sessions. 28. Can we bring lawyers to represent our case in mediation?
Yes, you can. In fact, mediation would become more successful and credible when the parties’ advocates or advisers are knowledgeable and skilled in the mediation process. Trained mediation advocates can bring value addition to the process and outcome. In fact, the changing role of a lawyer as a dispute resolution specialist, bringing in specialist representation in mediation has raised the standard, credibility and acceptance of mediation world over. 29. How reliable and professional are the mediators?
Mediation is said to be as good as the Mediator! IIAM Mediators are certified under IIAM Mediator Accreditation System (MAS) and through the Qualifying Assessment Programs (QAP) of APCAM norms. They are bound by the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards prescribed by APCAM. IIAM was the first institution in India approved by the IMI to certify mediators at global standards. Since IIAM commenced APCAM Certification, QAP for IMI certification was discontinued. The Mediator training program of IIAM follows one of the best curriculums available globally, certified by APCAM and equips a person to become an efficient professional mediator. 30. How can I believe a mediator and if I have any complaint, can I change the mediator?
Trust underpins the mediation process. If the parties do not trust a mediator’s integrity in terms of competence diligence, neutrality, independence, impartiality, fairness and the ability to respect confidences, mediation is unlikely to succeed. The IIAM Mediators’ Code of Conduct provides users of mediation services with a concise statement of the ethical standards they can expect from Mediators who choose to adopt its terms and sets standards that they can be expected to meet. Users who believe the standards established in this Code have not been met may prefer a complaint to IIAM on the Mediators’ conduct Assessment or can request for a change of mediator. The Rules have been made as per the guidelines of APCAM and IMI. Details can be seen in the IIAM Mediation Rules. 31. Can the mediator be taken as a witness in any other proceedings?
No, the mediator cannot be cited as a witness in any other proceedings. Section 23 of the Mediation Act provides protection whereby no mediator shall be permitted, or compelled to disclose to any court or tribunal any communication in mediation, expect certain circumstances relating to matters of imminent threat to public health or safety. 32. What if after I initiate mediation, the other party does not turn up?
Mediation is a voluntary and non-binding process and the parties are free not to attend or leave the process at any stage, if that party is not happy with the process or outcome. But as per our experience, every invitation to attend a mediation process is normally accepted by the other party. But even of the other party does not turn up, it is an advantage to initiate mediation first, as after the completion of mediation and on receipt of the Mediator’s Completion Report, IIAM will prepare the Mediation Status Report, which could be a Non-settlement Report or a Non-starter Certificate and this is given to the Parties. This is given even if the dispute is not resolved or the mediation could not be held due to the absence of the opposite Party. This is a valuable document when the initiating party approaches the court. 33. In mediation, if the other party does no turn up, will my fee be refunded?
While registering a dispute for mediation, the Initiating Party at the time of filing of Request has to pay the registration fee as per the relevant fee schedule, which is non-refundable. Once the mediator is appointed, the initiating party has to make a deposit for 2 sessions of mediator fee and administrative fee, as per the relevant fee schedule. If the other side refuse mediation prior to the first sitting date, the entire fee will be refunded. If the mediation is abandoned due the absence of the opposite party on the first date or due to non-agreement in the first session itself, the balance amount will be refunded to the initiating party. 34. How can I initiate mediation if there is no mediation centre near me?
You can initiate mediation through a Centre near you or online by using the “Peacegate” Application, the digital platform of IIAM, which can be downloaded from www.peacegate.in. Through the App you can not only initiate mediation, but also search for the nearby mediation centres and also search for mediators or mediation advisers/consultants. 35. What is Deal Mediation? And how is it different from regular Negotiation?
Deal-mediation, which is also known as Transactional-mediation or Assisted deal-making, is a process, whereby parties attempt to make or conclude deals with the assistance of a mediator, who is trained in effective negotiation. Unlike a regular negotiation where parties would have inhibitions to reveal many confidential information, in deal-mediation, the parties can comfortably discuss with the mediator, as the mediator is bound by confidentiality and can help the parties to navigate discussions in a better manner to conclude the best business deals. 36. What is Project Mediation? What are the benefits?
Project-Mediation is a method of Dispute Management, by which the parties to a contract can appoint a Project Mediator and an exclusive hotline hub is created in the Peacegate App, whereby the parties can get the service of a mediator throughout the period of the contract, whenever the parties' own discussions cannot resolve a particular dispute or difference or when the parties need to find a different perspective to an issue requiring a joint solution. This will afford the opportunity to work together, in a more collaborative and mutually beneficial environment and oversee that the contract proceeds smoothly. When the parties invoke Project Mediation under the IIAM Rules, it is agreed by the parties that they shall not disrupt the services or contractual obligations under the contract and shall continue with the terms of the contract. 37. What is IIAM Community Mediation?
IIAM Community Mediation Service with the motto; “Resolving conflicts; promoting harmony” is intended to contribute to the happiness and harmony of the community. The mission is to bring justice to the doorsteps of the people. People would get a platform near home to settle their cases without the trappings of a court. In Community mediation, mediation is provided by trained community mediators who represent the community. Community mediation mechanisms are viewed as an opportunity for citizens to participate in the prevention and early intervention of conflicts as an alternative to institutional mechanisms. IIAM Community Mediation Service is provided through People’s Mediation Centres, which is a concept of people’s movement. The mediation done in PMC’s are governed by the IIAM Mediation Rules and the fee schedule is as per the IIAM CMS Fee Schedule. 38. What is the IIAM Pledge to Mediate? What are its benefits?
The “Pledge to Mediate” is a simple commitment; whereby you would consider mediation as the first option should a dispute arise in your life, recognizing that resolving disputes amicably and voluntarily is an expression of civil maturity. It helps a positive social transition by making the society just, equal and fair. We need to understand that if we can create disputes, we can also resolve them! We invite you to be part of the revolution, because we want to do this together and make this world a better and more honest place. The joy of creating strong families and healthy communities can come from joining hearts, souls and hands. Take the Pledge and join the exclusive community. Recognizing that the empowerment to resolve disputes amicably and voluntarily is an expression of civil maturity, the India International ADR Association (IIADRA) in association with IIAM has formulated “Pledge to Mediate” among companies and organisations as part of promoting best governance and speedy justice. By signing the Pledge, which is cost-free and not legally binding, the signatory makes a public, policy statement indicating its commitment to the promotion of amicable settlement of disputes. This portrays a signal to potential business partners and customers that the signatory is a mature business entity which do not drag them to unnecessary litigation and resolve disputes amicably and care for strengthened relationships and continued business opportunities. 39. What is PEACEGATE App?
PEACEGATE is a first of its kind App launched by IIAM. It is a tool meant to give empowerment, self-sufficiency and independence in the way you handle disputes. It is a single point platform where you can negotiate or mediate a dispute. You can also sign the Pledge to Mediate, open Time Bank Account, specify the type of services you can offer, request services that you need, manage the Time account, redeem your time etc. Peacegate App will also guide the mediators to conduct mediation as per the approved process and helps the mediator to issue reports and certificates. 40. What is PEACEGATE Time Bank Service?
The Peacegate Time Banking is a reciprocity-based service system in which hours are credited in the Time Account of the holder. Once you sign the Pledge to Mediate, you can open your Time Bank Account and mention the services you would like to offer under this concept. For eg., if you are a Teacher, Musician, Yoga Instructor, Health professional, or Mediator or for that matter any person, you can offer your services free and the time that you spend for giving those services will be credited in your Time Account. This will carry interest too @12% per annum. Anytime you can redeem your time credit for availing any of these services in return free – for you, your friends, relatives or others for whom you would like to get such service. And the services will be kept on adding! And in case you don’t redeem your points. You can transfer your Peacegate Time Bank Account to your nominee. It is much more worth than the money that you transfer to your children. You have honourably earned this by the services that you have offered! Peacegate will keep track of the time credits and debits using its Time Bank software. 41. What are the training programs imparted by IIAM?
The training programs at IIAM offer the opportunity to learn what is necessary to become an effective negotiator, a skilful mediator, a talented mediation adviser/advocate, an efficient arbitrator or an effective arbitration lawyer. To cater the requirements of various segments of people, IIAM conducts various training programs, to suite their convenience and need. Professional Mediator Training Program is a 55 hours, 7-days program, which helps you to become a professional mediator. Certificate in Mediation Advocacy is a 3-days program which makes you a skilled mediation advocate. Professional Certificate in Commercial Arbitration is a 3-days program which provides a solid foundation to represent in Commercial Arbitration as an Arbitrator or Arbitration Lawyer. Certificate in Business Negotiation is a 3-Days program which provides a thorough understanding of negotiation process and power. The training programs provide participants with the opportunity to practice this structured dispute resolution process through a series of interactive presentations, role play simulations, real life case studies and discussion groups. IIAM also provide Distance-Ed programs, which offer the facility to study ADR in a flexible way and fit it around your lifestyle. You can enrol at any time of year and you study entirely at your own pace, submitting your assignments when you are ready. 42. Are the training programs of IIAM affiliated with any University?
No. IIAM does not offer any course as such, the training programs on arbitration, mediation and negotiation imparted by IIAM is meant for giving hands-on training and experience to make you a competitive ADR professional. IIAM conducts its mediation and arbitration training programs, which are certified by APCAM and enable the participants to get certified under APCAM Accreditation norms, entitling them to be enlisted in all the APCAM centres available in more than 10 countries across the Asia Pacific region. We have had an amazing experience since we began our various training programs on ADR. Being one of the pioneer institutions in India training professionals on mediation, arbitration and negotiation, we have received loads of testimonials, feedback and suggestions. See testimonials.
The IIAM Arbitration Rules are a set of procedural rules covering all aspects of the institutional arbitration process, which the parties may agree to in part or in whole in order to help resolve their domestic or international disputes. The IIAM Arbitration Rules adopts the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 2010, which enables the IIAM Rules to administer arbitration at accepted global standards. IIAM provides administrative assistance to the arbitral tribunal and parties by making available facilities, through the appointment of arbitrators, by getting involved in resolving procedural issues, acting as the registry and by providing a reasonable fixed schedule of fees, thereby ensuring smooth progress of the arbitral process in an efficient and time bound manner. IIAM Rules also provide for methods for expedited and innovative procedures like, Emergency Arbitrator, Arb-Med-Arb Procedure, fast-track procedure, Consolidation of proceedings and Concurrent hearings, Scrutiny of award etc., which would ensure fast, economic and efficient disputes resolution process. IIAM’s roles and functions are identified in Part-I of the Rules. The IIAM Arbitration Rules incorporates the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules which are comprehensive, time-tested and internationally accepted. The details of institutions globally which has adopted UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 2010 is available at the UNCITRAL Website. For updated information of the Status of UNCITRAL conventions and model laws, see the Secretariat Note dated 17 May 2016 published by the UNCITRAL (At page 26, IIAM Rules are mentioned) 2. Where can I find the model arbitration clause under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
Parties who wish to have arbitration under the IIAM Arbitration Rules may incorporate the IIAM model clause in their agreement. The model clause can be found under Schedule-8 of the Rules or in the official IIAM website. 3. What do I do if I do not have a model arbitration clause in my agreement?
If both parties are agreeable that the dispute can be resolved according to the IIAM Arbitration Rules, but there is no arbitration clause in their original agreement; then they may enter into an arbitration agreement in the form as specified in Schedule-9 of the Rules. 4. Why do the IIAM Arbitration Rules have Part I and Part II? Which part is applicable to the arbitration?
The IIAM Arbitration Rules has two Parts. Part-I consist of two sections, Section-1 deals with Domestic Arbitration and Section-2 deals with International Arbitration. Part-II specifies the UNCITRAL Rules. Modifications to the UNCITRAL Rules however appear under Part I of the Rules. Thus, for IIAM Institutional Arbitration, Part II of the Rules shall be read subject to Part I of the Rules. 5. What type of disputes can be resolved by arbitration under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
Any civil, commercial, contractual or business disputes can generally be resolved through arbitration. As per general practice, matters involving moral questions or questions of public law cannot be resolved by arbitration. For instance, the following matters cannot be referred to arbitration:
It is very simple. A party initiating a domestic dispute shall be required to submit the Request for Arbitration (Form A1), available in Schedule-11, to IIAM together with a copy of the Notice of Arbitration served on the Respondent in the manner required under Rule 2 of Part-I, along with the Registration fees. IIAM is the APCAM Centre for India and international arbitration are conducted as per the APCAM Arbitration Rules. This is done as per Rule 1(h). APCAM Arbitration Rules can be seen at https://apcam.asia/arbitration-rules. 7. How much will it cost to arbitrate under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
IIAM Arbitration is very cost-effective, especially considering the time-bound manner in which the dispute is resolved and the effective administrative services offered for ensuring smooth the progression of the proceedings. The costs and expenses of arbitration will be governed by the IIAM Arbitration Fee Schedule. The current fee schedule of IIAM, mentioned in Schedule-10, shall be notified by IIAM from time to time or published in its official web site. Appendix-1, provide the fee schedule for domestic arbitration (for Claims more than INR 5 lakhs), Appendix-2 for small cause domestic arbitration (for Claims less than INR 5 lakhs), Appendix-3 for international arbitration, and Appendix-4 for miscellaneous charges. For international Arbitration refer the APCAM Arbitration Fee Schedule. 8. How are arbitrators appointed under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
The arbitrator appointment under the IIAM Rules, assure that the arbitral tribunal is formed at the earliest, and confirms that the arbitral tribunal is neutral and efficient on international standards. In an unlikely case of any doubts, the parties are able to challenge the arbitrator and effective provisions are made in the Rules to address such challenge. 9. Are arbitration proceedings confidential in nature?
Yes. Arbitration under the IIAM Arbitration Rules is private and confidential. As per Rule 23, the arbitral tribunal, the parties and the IIAM shall keep confidential all matters relating to the arbitral proceedings. Article 28 of the IIAM Arbitration Rules specifies that hearings shall be held in camera unless the parties agree otherwise. 10. Are parties restricted to appointing arbitrators from IIAM Panel of Arbitrators when arbitrating under the IIAM Arbitration Rules?
No. There are no restrictions imposed and parties are free to appoint arbitrators of their choice. The parties and the arbitral tribunal can also agree upon a different arbitrator fee other than under the IIAM Fee Schedule as under Rule 21(c). 11. How long does the entire arbitration proceedings take?
A regular arbitration under the IIAM Rules would be completed within 9 months from the date of appointment of the arbitral tribunal. The award would be rendered within 45 days. Under the fast-track procedure, the entire arbitration gets over within 6 months. 12. What is Expedited Arbitration and how does a party opt for it?
Expedited arbitration is a streamlined and simplified procedure with a shortened time frame, which makes it possible for the parties to reach a final resolution of the dispute in a cost and time effective manner. Expedited arbitration will be by default online and document only process. For expedited arbitration by IIAM, there should be an expedited arbitration clause in the contract. 13. How does a party apply for an Emergency Arbitrator?
The provision for the appointment of emergency arbitrators is found under Schedule-2. Rule 10 and Schedule-2 allows the party in need of emergency interim relief to make such application along with EA Submission (Form A3) and the said application can be made concurrently with or after the filing of the Request for Arbitration, but not after the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. 14. What are the powers of the Emergency Arbitrator?
The emergency arbitrator shall act to determine all applications for emergency interim relief until the constitution of the proper arbitral tribunal. Emergency interim relief order or award granted by an emergency arbitrator shall have a binding effect on the parties (Refer Schedule-2). 15. How can a party invoke AMA Procedure?
The AMA or the Arb-Med-Arb Procedure under the IIAM Rules, is an effective way by which the party can invoke arbitration and simultaneously try to resolve the dispute through mediation and if successful, make the outcome as an arbitral award or in case of failure of mediation, continue with arbitration. The Party can initiate AMA Procedure by filing the EA Submission (Form A3) along with an application for the said purpose. The AMA procedure helps to save time and also helps to make mediation settlement binding, especially in international disputes, as the mediation settlement would become enforceable under the New York Convention. 16. What is the advantage of scrutiny of award?
This is a unique feature of the IIAM Arbitration Rules, which affords an opportunity for the parties to get a second opinion about the legality of the process so as to make sure that the award does not suffer any irregularity making it vulnerable to a challenge. This is especially useful, when the arbitral tribunal consists of technical arbitrators, who may not be experts in the field of law. This is not an appeal provision and the Scrutiny Board will not have any authority to interfere with the arbitral tribunal’s decision-making liberty. 17. What is mediation? How it is different from litigation or arbitration and what is the advantage?
Mediation is a settlement effort, which utilizes the services of an impartial, third party mediator in an effort to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Mediation provides an efficient, effective, speedy, convenient and less expensive process to resolve disputes with dignity, mutuality, respect and civility where parties participate in arriving at a negotiated settlement rather than being confronted with a third-party adjudication of their disputes. In mediation, ultimately the resolution is made by the parties and no decision is imposed on them. But in courts and other systems, the decision is taken by the Judge or Arbitrator and the decision is imposed on the parties, whether they like it or not. In mediation, since the decision is taken by both the parties, it is a “Win-Win” situation for both and they would happily comply with the decision rather than wasting time on appeals against an imposed decision. It helps to maintain ongoing relationships and resolve the dispute amicably. The very fact that it enables the parties to sit across the table and negotiate, participating in the process itself creates an atmosphere of harmony and peace. 18. What type of disputes can be resolved through mediation?
All types of civil and commercial disputes can be resolved through mediation, except certain special legislations like winding up of a company. Under the Mediation Act, 2023, the First Schedule stipulates matters that are not fit for mediation. These include disputes, which by virtue of any law cannot be mediated, disputes relating to claims against minors, deities; persons with intellectual disabilities, mental illness or unsound mind and suits for declaration of title against Government or declarations having effect of right in rem. Disputes involving prosecution for criminal offences, complaints or proceedings, initiated before any statutory authority in relation to discipline or misconduct of any professional which is regulated under any law also cannot be mediated. Disputes which have the effect on rights of a third party who are not a party to the mediation proceedings also cannot be mediated. 19. Is mediation a compromise and if I initiate mediation, will it not be considered as my weakness?
There is a general misconception that in mediation you have to compromise. Mediation is another dispute resolution process, just like any other one. The major difference being, it is an interest-based process, where the resolution is arrived at by the parties on a collaborative method to maximize mutual gain. Therefore, globally mediation is also referred as “Appropriate Dispute Resolution” (ADR). It is the only process which focuses on needs and relationships and seeks not only to resolve the underlying problem, but also to add value. Here, in fact dispute is considered as an opportunity. Internationally, opting for mediation is also considered as an expression of best governance and social commitment. Many MNC’s have signed the “Pledge to Mediate”, expressing their commitment to resolve dispute amicably to their potential business partners and clients. 20. Can I initiate mediation in a matter pending before a court?
Mediation can be initiated at any stage. It can be initiated at the beginning of a dispute or when the matter is before a court. It would always be better to initiate mediation at the beginning, as the parties would be less hostile. In fact, even the Supreme Court of India has said in a decision that mediation is the best form of dispute resolution and it should be taken at the earliest opportunity to stop the negative factor from growing and widening its fangs which may not be conducive to any of the litigants. The courts also encourage the parties to resolve their disputes through mediation. If a party initiates mediation and the other side does not attend, it will create an adverse impression against the party who refused to participate in mediation. 21. Is mediation legally approved in India?
Mediation is India is governed by the Mediation Act, 2023. Prior to that private mediations were generally governed by the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996. It is also recognised under the Civil Procedure Code and courts refer matters pending before it to for mediation. Mediated settlement agreements are final and binding on the parties as per the Mediation Act and it can be enforced in the same manner as a judgment of a court. 22. What are the legal provisions based on which the outcome of mediation is made legal and binding?
A mediated settlement agreement resulting from a mediation signed by the parties and authenticated by the mediator shall be final and binding on the parties and persons claiming under them respectively. This is provided under section 27 of the Mediation Act, 2023. As per section 27(2) of the Act, the mediated settlement agreement shall be enforced in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, in the same manner as if it were a judgment or decree passed by a court. 23. How can we be sure that the conversation in mediation is confidential and it will not be taken as evidence in other proceedings?
The entire mediation proceedings are confidential and whatever said during mediation is treated as confidential. This protection is provided by the consent to mediate executed by the parties, as well as the Mediation Act. As per section 22 of the Mediation Act, the mediator, mediation service provider, the parties and participants in the mediation shall keep confidential acknowledgements, opinions, suggestions, promises, proposals, apologies and matters regarding admissions made during the mediation and acceptance of, or willingness to, accept proposals made or exchanged in the mediation and documents prepared solely for the conduct of mediation and any other mediation communication. It is also stipulated that no audio or video recording of the mediation proceedings shall be made or maintained by the parties or the participants including the mediator and mediation service provider, whether conducted in person or online to ensure confidentiality of the conduct of mediation proceedings. It is also prohibited for any party to rely on or introduce as evidence any information or communication in mediation process before a court or tribunal including arbitral tribunal. Section 23 of the Act also provides protection whereby no mediator or participant in the mediation and persons involved in the administration of the mediation, shall be permitted, or compelled to disclose to any court or tribunal any communication in mediation, expect certain circumstances relating to matters of imminent threat to public health or safety. 24. What is the importance of IIAM Mediation Rules?
The IIAM Mediation Rules are a set of procedural rules covering all aspects of the institutional mediation process, which helps the parties and mediators to take maximum advantage of the flexible procedures available in mediation for the resolution of disputes quickly and economically. IIAM Mediation Rules also contains provisions for assisted deal-making or deal-mediation and also for project mediation. The Rules also contain provisions for online or offline mediation through “Peacegate”, the digital platform of IIAM. The IIAM Mediation Rules also contains the IIAM Mediators’ Code of Professional Conduct and IIAM Mediators’ Conduct Assessment Process, adopted based on the Code prescribed by the Asia Pacific Centre for Arbitration & Mediation (APCAM). 25. Can we initiate mediation for the resolution of a dispute with a foreign party?
Yes. Mediation is a process internationally accepted and most of the MNC’s have started using mediation as the first option for dispute resolution. IIAM conducts international mediation under the APCAM Rules, which is an organisation formed by more than 10 international centres and having centres in many parts of the world, helping the parties to conduct international mediation under one rule and one fee-schedule. IIAM being the APCAM Centre in India also maintain a panel of international mediators in all these countries. The importance of private mediation in international business dispute resolution has become even more pertinent after the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, 2019 (Singapore Convention), w.e.f 07 August 2019, in which India is a signatory, among other 54 countries. Now settlement agreements arrived at by way of mediation becomes enforceable like an arbitral award in all these 55 countries as per the Convention. But the Convention does not apply to court-annexed mediations, making the importance of private mediations in cross-border business disputes highly recommended. In an international dispute, a settlement agreement can also be made through the AMA Procedure, whereby the settlement can be made as an arbitral award on consent and it becomes executable as per the New York convention in 162 countries. 26. How much will it cost to mediate under the IIAM Mediation Rules?
IIAM Mediation is very cost-effective, especially considering the time-bound manner in which the dispute is resolved. The costs and expenses of mediation will be governed by the IIAM Mediation Fee Schedule. The current fee schedule of IIAM, mentioned in Schedule-4, shall be notified by IIAM from time to time or published in its official web site. There is separate fee schedule for Domestic Commercial Mediation, Domestic Family Mediation and Community Mediation. IIAM Community Mediation Service (CMS) is for disputes which are purely relationship based. International or cross-border mediations are conducted by IIAM under the APCAM Rules, which will help the parties to conduct mediation in any of the Asia-Pacific country members of APCAM under a single Rule and Fee schedule in all these countries. 27. How long does the entire proceedings take?
Even though as per the IIAM Mediation Rules, the mediator shall use his best endeavours to conclude the mediation within 60 days of his appointment, normally a commercial mediation gets over within 4 to 8 sessions. 28. Can we bring lawyers to represent our case in mediation?
Yes, you can. In fact, mediation would become more successful and credible when the parties’ advocates or advisers are knowledgeable and skilled in the mediation process. Trained mediation advocates can bring value addition to the process and outcome. In fact, the changing role of a lawyer as a dispute resolution specialist, bringing in specialist representation in mediation has raised the standard, credibility and acceptance of mediation world over. 29. How reliable and professional are the mediators?
Mediation is said to be as good as the Mediator! IIAM Mediators are certified under IIAM Mediator Accreditation System (MAS) and through the Qualifying Assessment Programs (QAP) of APCAM norms. They are bound by the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards prescribed by APCAM. IIAM was the first institution in India approved by the IMI to certify mediators at global standards. Since IIAM commenced APCAM Certification, QAP for IMI certification was discontinued. The Mediator training program of IIAM follows one of the best curriculums available globally, certified by APCAM and equips a person to become an efficient professional mediator. 30. How can I believe a mediator and if I have any complaint, can I change the mediator?
Trust underpins the mediation process. If the parties do not trust a mediator’s integrity in terms of competence diligence, neutrality, independence, impartiality, fairness and the ability to respect confidences, mediation is unlikely to succeed. The IIAM Mediators’ Code of Conduct provides users of mediation services with a concise statement of the ethical standards they can expect from Mediators who choose to adopt its terms and sets standards that they can be expected to meet. Users who believe the standards established in this Code have not been met may prefer a complaint to IIAM on the Mediators’ conduct Assessment or can request for a change of mediator. The Rules have been made as per the guidelines of APCAM and IMI. Details can be seen in the IIAM Mediation Rules. 31. Can the mediator be taken as a witness in any other proceedings?
No, the mediator cannot be cited as a witness in any other proceedings. Section 23 of the Mediation Act provides protection whereby no mediator shall be permitted, or compelled to disclose to any court or tribunal any communication in mediation, expect certain circumstances relating to matters of imminent threat to public health or safety. 32. What if after I initiate mediation, the other party does not turn up?
Mediation is a voluntary and non-binding process and the parties are free not to attend or leave the process at any stage, if that party is not happy with the process or outcome. But as per our experience, every invitation to attend a mediation process is normally accepted by the other party. But even of the other party does not turn up, it is an advantage to initiate mediation first, as after the completion of mediation and on receipt of the Mediator’s Completion Report, IIAM will prepare the Mediation Status Report, which could be a Non-settlement Report or a Non-starter Certificate and this is given to the Parties. This is given even if the dispute is not resolved or the mediation could not be held due to the absence of the opposite Party. This is a valuable document when the initiating party approaches the court. 33. In mediation, if the other party does no turn up, will my fee be refunded?
While registering a dispute for mediation, the Initiating Party at the time of filing of Request has to pay the registration fee as per the relevant fee schedule, which is non-refundable. Once the mediator is appointed, the initiating party has to make a deposit for 2 sessions of mediator fee and administrative fee, as per the relevant fee schedule. If the other side refuse mediation prior to the first sitting date, the entire fee will be refunded. If the mediation is abandoned due the absence of the opposite party on the first date or due to non-agreement in the first session itself, the balance amount will be refunded to the initiating party. 34. How can I initiate mediation if there is no mediation centre near me?
You can initiate mediation through a Centre near you or online by using the “Peacegate” Application, the digital platform of IIAM, which can be downloaded from www.peacegate.in. Through the App you can not only initiate mediation, but also search for the nearby mediation centres and also search for mediators or mediation advisers/consultants. 35. What is Deal Mediation? And how is it different from regular Negotiation?
Deal-mediation, which is also known as Transactional-mediation or Assisted deal-making, is a process, whereby parties attempt to make or conclude deals with the assistance of a mediator, who is trained in effective negotiation. Unlike a regular negotiation where parties would have inhibitions to reveal many confidential information, in deal-mediation, the parties can comfortably discuss with the mediator, as the mediator is bound by confidentiality and can help the parties to navigate discussions in a better manner to conclude the best business deals. 36. What is Project Mediation? What are the benefits?
Project-Mediation is a method of Dispute Management, by which the parties to a contract can appoint a Project Mediator and an exclusive hotline hub is created in the Peacegate App, whereby the parties can get the service of a mediator throughout the period of the contract, whenever the parties' own discussions cannot resolve a particular dispute or difference or when the parties need to find a different perspective to an issue requiring a joint solution. This will afford the opportunity to work together, in a more collaborative and mutually beneficial environment and oversee that the contract proceeds smoothly. When the parties invoke Project Mediation under the IIAM Rules, it is agreed by the parties that they shall not disrupt the services or contractual obligations under the contract and shall continue with the terms of the contract. 37. What is IIAM Community Mediation?
IIAM Community Mediation Service with the motto; “Resolving conflicts; promoting harmony” is intended to contribute to the happiness and harmony of the community. The mission is to bring justice to the doorsteps of the people. People would get a platform near home to settle their cases without the trappings of a court. In Community mediation, mediation is provided by trained community mediators who represent the community. Community mediation mechanisms are viewed as an opportunity for citizens to participate in the prevention and early intervention of conflicts as an alternative to institutional mechanisms. IIAM Community Mediation Service is provided through People’s Mediation Centres, which is a concept of people’s movement. The mediation done in PMC’s are governed by the IIAM Mediation Rules and the fee schedule is as per the IIAM CMS Fee Schedule. 38. What is the IIAM Pledge to Mediate? What are its benefits?
The “Pledge to Mediate” is a simple commitment; whereby you would consider mediation as the first option should a dispute arise in your life, recognizing that resolving disputes amicably and voluntarily is an expression of civil maturity. It helps a positive social transition by making the society just, equal and fair. We need to understand that if we can create disputes, we can also resolve them! We invite you to be part of the revolution, because we want to do this together and make this world a better and more honest place. The joy of creating strong families and healthy communities can come from joining hearts, souls and hands. Take the Pledge and join the exclusive community. Recognizing that the empowerment to resolve disputes amicably and voluntarily is an expression of civil maturity, the India International ADR Association (IIADRA) in association with IIAM has formulated “Pledge to Mediate” among companies and organisations as part of promoting best governance and speedy justice. By signing the Pledge, which is cost-free and not legally binding, the signatory makes a public, policy statement indicating its commitment to the promotion of amicable settlement of disputes. This portrays a signal to potential business partners and customers that the signatory is a mature business entity which do not drag them to unnecessary litigation and resolve disputes amicably and care for strengthened relationships and continued business opportunities. 39. What is PEACEGATE App?
PEACEGATE is a first of its kind App launched by IIAM. It is a tool meant to give empowerment, self-sufficiency and independence in the way you handle disputes. It is a single point platform where you can negotiate or mediate a dispute. You can also sign the Pledge to Mediate, open Time Bank Account, specify the type of services you can offer, request services that you need, manage the Time account, redeem your time etc. Peacegate App will also guide the mediators to conduct mediation as per the approved process and helps the mediator to issue reports and certificates. 40. What is PEACEGATE Time Bank Service?
The Peacegate Time Banking is a reciprocity-based service system in which hours are credited in the Time Account of the holder. Once you sign the Pledge to Mediate, you can open your Time Bank Account and mention the services you would like to offer under this concept. For eg., if you are a Teacher, Musician, Yoga Instructor, Health professional, or Mediator or for that matter any person, you can offer your services free and the time that you spend for giving those services will be credited in your Time Account. This will carry interest too @12% per annum. Anytime you can redeem your time credit for availing any of these services in return free – for you, your friends, relatives or others for whom you would like to get such service. And the services will be kept on adding! And in case you don’t redeem your points. You can transfer your Peacegate Time Bank Account to your nominee. It is much more worth than the money that you transfer to your children. You have honourably earned this by the services that you have offered! Peacegate will keep track of the time credits and debits using its Time Bank software. 41. What are the training programs imparted by IIAM?
The training programs at IIAM offer the opportunity to learn what is necessary to become an effective negotiator, a skilful mediator, a talented mediation adviser/advocate, an efficient arbitrator or an effective arbitration lawyer. To cater the requirements of various segments of people, IIAM conducts various training programs, to suite their convenience and need. Professional Mediator Training Program is a 55 hours, 7-days program, which helps you to become a professional mediator. Certificate in Mediation Advocacy is a 3-days program which makes you a skilled mediation advocate. Professional Certificate in Commercial Arbitration is a 3-days program which provides a solid foundation to represent in Commercial Arbitration as an Arbitrator or Arbitration Lawyer. Certificate in Business Negotiation is a 3-Days program which provides a thorough understanding of negotiation process and power. The training programs provide participants with the opportunity to practice this structured dispute resolution process through a series of interactive presentations, role play simulations, real life case studies and discussion groups. IIAM also provide Distance-Ed programs, which offer the facility to study ADR in a flexible way and fit it around your lifestyle. You can enrol at any time of year and you study entirely at your own pace, submitting your assignments when you are ready. 42. Are the training programs of IIAM affiliated with any University?
No. IIAM does not offer any course as such, the training programs on arbitration, mediation and negotiation imparted by IIAM is meant for giving hands-on training and experience to make you a competitive ADR professional. IIAM conducts its mediation and arbitration training programs, which are certified by APCAM and enable the participants to get certified under APCAM Accreditation norms, entitling them to be enlisted in all the APCAM centres available in more than 10 countries across the Asia Pacific region. We have had an amazing experience since we began our various training programs on ADR. Being one of the pioneer institutions in India training professionals on mediation, arbitration and negotiation, we have received loads of testimonials, feedback and suggestions. See testimonials.